Den retoriske situation
Michelle Obama holder talen til Democratic National Convention d. 25. juli 2016, hvor Formålet med konventet er en formel nominering af Demokraternes kandidater til posterne som vicepræsident og præsident.
Talen er patos-fyldt og storslået, men fungerer i forhold til konteksten og publikum. I USA er der generelt en tradition for at holde meget bombastiske taler, som ikke ses i samme grad i Danmark.
Hvorfor er denne tale interessant?
“Stem på Hillary Clinton for vores børns fremtids skyld”, er hovedbudskabet i Michelle Obamas tale. Hun beskriver i talen en række værdier, som kobles sammen med den moral og karakter, en præsident skal besidde. Helt kort kan man sige, at de positive værdier tilegnes Hillary Clinton, mens de negative, implicit, forbindes med modkandidaten, Donald Trump.
Talen er vellykket, men ikke perfekt. Michelle Obama bevæger sig ud over sin opgave, der består i at højne Hillary Clintons etos. Efter talen begyndte vælgerne at efterspørge Michelle Obama som præsidentkandidat - og hun ender derfor med at have højnet sin egen etos og ikke Hillarys.
Thank you all. Thank you so much. You know, it’s hard to believe that it has been eight years since I first came to this convention to talk with you about why I thought my husband should be President. Remember how I told you about his character and conviction, his decency and his grace - the traits that we’ve seen every day that he’s served our country in the White House.
I also told you about our daughters - how they are the heart of our hearts, the center of our world. And during our time in the White House, we’ve had the joy of watching them grow from bubbly little girls into poised young women - a journey that started soon after we arrived in Washington, when they set off for their first day at their new school. I will never forget that winter morning as I watched our girls, just seven and ten years old, pile into those black SUVs with all those big men with guns. And I saw their little faces pressed up against the window, and the only thing I could think was, “What have we done?” See, because at that moment, I realized that our time in the White House would form the foundation for who they would become, and how well we managed this experience could truly make or break them.
That is what Barack and I think about every day as we try to guide and protect our girls through the challenges of this unusual life in the spotlight - how we urge them to ignore those who question their father’s citizenship or faith. How we insist that the hateful language they hear from public figures on TV does not represent the true spirit of this country. How we explain that when someone is cruel, or acts like a bully, you don’t stoop to their level - no, our motto is, when they go low, we go high.
With every word we utter, with every action we take, we know our kids are watching us. We as parents are their most important role models. And let me tell you, Barack and I take that same approach to our jobs as President and First Lady, because we know that our words and actions matter not just to our girls, but to children across this country - kids who tell us, “I saw you on TV, I wrote a report on you for school.” Kids like the little black boy who looked up at my husband, his eyes wide with hope, and he wondered, “Is my hair like yours?”
And make no mistake about it, this November, when we go to the polls, that is what we’re deciding - not Democrat or Republican, not left or right. No, this election, and every election, is about who will have the power to shape our children for the next four or eight years of their lives. And I am here tonight because in this election, there is only one person who I trust with that responsibility, only one person who I believe is truly qualified to be President of the United States, and that is our friend, Hillary Clinton.
See, I trust Hillary to lead this country because I’ve seen her lifelong devotion to our nation’s children - not just her own daughter, who she has raised to perfection - but every child who needs a champion: Kids who take the long way to school to avoid the gangs. Kids who wonder how they’ll ever afford college. Kids whose parents don’t speak a word of English but dream of a better life. Kids who look to us to determine who and what they can be.
You see, Hillary has spent decades doing the relentless, thankless work to actually make a difference in their lives - advocating for kids with disabilities as a young lawyer. Fighting for children’s health care as First Lady and for quality child care in the Senate. And when she didn’t win the nomination eight years ago, she didn’t get angry or disillusioned. Hillary did not pack up and go home. Because as a true public servant, Hillary knows that this is so much bigger than her own desires and disappointments. So she proudly stepped up to serve our country once again as Secretary of State, traveling the globe to keep our kids safe.
And look, there were plenty of moments when Hillary could have decided that this work was too hard, that the price of public service was too high, that she was tired of being picked apart for how she looks or how she talks or even how she laughs. But here’s the thing - what I admire most about Hillary is that she never buckles under pressure. She never takes the easy way out. And Hillary Clinton has never quit on anything in her life.
And when I think about the kind of President that I want for my girls and all our children, that’s what I want. I want someone with the proven strength to persevere. Someone who knows this job and takes it seriously. Someone who understands that the issues a President faces are not black and white and cannot be boiled down to 140 characters. Because when you have the nuclear codes at your fingertips and the military in your command, you can’t make snap decisions. You can’t have a thin skin or a tendency to lash out. You need to be steady, and measured, and well-informed.
I want a President with a record of public service, someone whose life’s work shows our children that we don’t chase fame and fortune for ourselves, we fight to give everyone a chance to succeed - and we give back, even when we’re struggling ourselves, because we know that there is always someone worse off, and there but for the grace of God go I.
I want a President who will teach our children that everyone in this country matters - a President who truly believes in the vision that our founders put forth all those years ago: That we are all created equal, each a beloved part of the great American story. And when crisis hits, we don’t turn against each other - no, we listen to each other. We lean on each other. Because we are always stronger together.
And I am here tonight because I know that that is the kind of president that Hillary Clinton will be. And that’s why, in this election, I’m with her.
You see, Hillary understands that the President is about one thing and one thing only - it’s about leaving something better for our kids. That’s how we’ve always moved this country forward - by all of us coming together on behalf of our children - folks who volunteer to coach that team, to teach that Sunday school class because they know it takes a village. Heroes of every color and creed who wear the uniform and risk their lives to keep passing down those blessings of liberty.
That is the story of this country, the story that has brought me to this stage tonight, the story of generations of people who felt the lash of bondage, the shame of servitude, the sting of segregation, but who kept on striving and hoping and doing what needed to be done so that today, I wake up every morning in a house that was built by slaves - (applause) - and I watch my daughters - two beautiful, intelligent, black young women - playing with their dogs on the White House lawn. And because of Hillary Clinton, my daughters - and all our sons and daughters - now take for granted that a woman can be President of the United States.
So don’t let anyone ever tell you that this country isn’t great, that somehow we need to make it great again. Because this, right now, is the greatest country on earth. And as my daughters prepare to set out into the world, I want a leader who is worthy of that truth, a leader who is worthy of my girls’ promise and all our kids’ promise, a leader who will be guided every day by the love and hope and impossibly big dreams that we all have for our children.
So in this election, we cannot sit back and hope that everything works out for the best. We cannot afford to be tired, or frustrated, or cynical. No, hear me - between now and November, we need to do what we did eight years ago and four years ago: We need to knock on every door. We need to get out every vote. We need to pour every last ounce of our passion and our strength and our love for this country into electing Hillary Clinton as President of the United States of America. Let’s get to work.
Thank you all, and God bless.
Det siger retorikerne:
Michelle Obamas styrker ligger i hendes stærke punchlines og gode leveringer, for eksempel da hun siger: “When they go low, we go high.” Det er dog ikke hele talen, som er så overbevisende, og i nogle passager virker talen en smule indøvet: Michelle holder flere gange unaturlige pauser, som virker til at være lavet for at give plads til klapsalver, men klapsalverne viser sig at være fraværende i den faktiske situation, hvilket skaber en tom og akavet stemning.
Igennem talen snubler hun over nogle ord, dette giver indtrykket af et fastlåst og knap så frit manus.
Hendes fremførelse bliver dog bedre undervejs, som om hun får talt sig varm. Hendes stemmeføring, mimik og gestikulering er naturlig.
Michelle Obamas tale er spækket med flotte stilistiske virkemidler - herunder en del stilfigurer. Især hendes brug af mor/døtre-analogien som et billede på samfundet generelt er et bærende element i talen. Senere i talen udfolder Michelle Obama denne analogi.
Hun siger: “See, I trust Hillary to lead this country because I’ve seen her lifelong devotion to our nation’s children –- not just her own daughter, who she has raised to perfection”. Her får hun forbundet den konkrete, nære familierelation med den mere abstrakte “Familien USA”. Dette er et eksempel på, hvordan hun på elegant vis forbinder nære, konkrete elementer med noget mere generelt, samfundsmæssigt.
Beskrivelsen af en børnefamilie kan de fleste identificere sig med. Disse værdier bliver en afspejling af de værdier, Demokraterne står for. Værdierne er en del af en analogi om forholdet mellem præsident og nation. Dog er nation og præsident, store og ganske abstrakte størrelser. Afslutningsvist giver Michelle Obama modtagerne nogle værktøjer, nemlig: “We need to knock on every door. We need to get out every vote. We need to pour every last ounce of our passion and our strength and our love for this country into electing Hillary Clinton as President of the United States of America.” Det er altså bare om at komme i gang.
Det er desuden værd at lægge mærke til, at talen er meget afpasset til det amerikanske forum. Derfor vil mange danskere nok sidde tilbage med en følelse af, at det blev lige lovligt storladent - men det hører til den amerikanske stil.
Talen er bygget godt op. Michelle vender ofte tilbage til den analogi som bærer budskabet. Det har den effekt, at publikum bliver inviteret ind i fortællingen, frem for at de får tvunget budskabet ned i halsen. Hillary Clinton kunne dog godt have været mere fremtrædende i analogien. Publikum ender med at forbinde de præsenterede værdier med “The Obamas”, og Hillary forbliver dermed et billede på det gamle og satte politiske system, mens Michelle fremstår levende, frisk og nærværende.
Derfor deler vores vurdering sig i to: Talen er enormt velskrevet og velfungerende. Den leverer budskabet elegant og inddrager de to kandidater på en ofte subtil måde. Men ser vi på formålet med talen - at højne Hillarys etos samt at overbevise de vælgere, der stemte på Barack Obama, om at stemme på Hillary - er det ikke gået særlig godt. I stedet, giver Michelle Obama os blot endnu en grund til at være pro-Obama.